B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. (Blame the Victim). The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party. B) ingroup bias. In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. c. hindsight bias. We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. d. sensory cortex. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. The tendency for people to believe the world is Just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Could you feel that some associations are easier than others? Researchers suggested three possible reasons that why watching TV is negatively linked to children's achievement. The tendency to favor one's own . An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. One example of ratee bias is egocentric bias, which is best described as the tendency to: a. evaluate one; The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is: A) consistency. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m . Exam 1 Dr. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. When it comes to relationships, it is valuable to remember that negative comments usually carry much more weight than positive ones. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. Impact. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. Desirable? The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. Model: Je vais visiter\ldots Je vais voir\ldots Je vais (faire)\ldots, Search words: myswitzerland.com: une histoire d'eau Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. 97 terms. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. a. warrior Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Discrimination and the implicit association test. For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. Ethnocentrism. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. direction a . As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like social identity theory observations, Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race . C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. a. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Stereotypes are biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them. the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. 3. d. father care. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. Ingroup bias, or ingroup favoritism, is a bias in which people tend to favor people who exist in similar groups as them. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. 29 terms. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. Busca trabajos relacionados con All of the following are examples of measures of central tendency except o contrata en el mercado de freelancing ms grande del mundo con ms de 22m de trabajos. Draw a circle graph with this information. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. That said, the targets of bias sometimes shift across time. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. Social trap where 2 prisoners are separated and have to consider the impacts of cooperating with their partner or competing to get the first confession. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). Answer 23:- Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own cultu . People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. What term best describes Elena's behavior? QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as cultural relativism cultural universalism ethnocentrism egocentrism QUESTION 24 Foraging societies practice what . The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs. What is faithful representation, and why is it important. a. c. frontal lobes Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. a. deindividuation. By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? Groupthink: . Categories . D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. a. cognitive dissonance. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). Other Quizlet sets. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. Pages 14 To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. This best illustrates: Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. Devine, P. G. (1989). Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . However, regardless of political ideology, RWA focuses on competing frameworks of values. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. jamie watson voice actor; is matt manning related to peyton manning; men's patchwork jeans; Published by on 17. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. If someone is in our "ingroup," we are more likely to trust them. ethnocentrism.d. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. that most people like women more than men. Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. This best illustrates. Which of the following statements is likely to be true of Bill? These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities . For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." C) selective perception. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. This best illustrates, Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. c. the social-responsibility norm. The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. b. implicit prejudice. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. a. amygdala The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . The result is seeing people who live in subsidized housing, or who like comic books, or who are religious, or who have autism as one homogenous group with little variation. ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. Unit 23. (Extremes). School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. Sons are more valued than daughters. 6. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. d. the fundamental attribution error. Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup. Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. a. For example, ethnic Asians living in the United States are commonly referred to as the model minority because of their perceived success in areas such as education, income, and social stability. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. the tendency to favor our own group. b. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. . nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. Scapegoat Theory: . c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). hide 31 types. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. skepticism. Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. tendency. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. social class, family, football team etc.) Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. a. the bystander effect. According to Lyons et al. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. Membership. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. b. less; more C) a win-win solution. This reaction is best explained in terms of. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased.