medicinal plants of liliaceae family medicinal plants of liliaceae family

600 species. WebMajor vegetative characteristics about the Liliaceae family are listed below: Liliaceae family flowering plants consist of Fibrous roots which are bushy and thin. One natural remedy that can be made from the plants and also natural herbs in your herb garden is a headache painkiller called Echinacea. The infection causes loss of vigor and poor flower production. WebThere are many medicinal plants. Lambs may also be born with tracheal stenosis. Some species are poisonous if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets. Request PDF | Research progress of Ypsilandra thibetica, a medicinal plant of Liliaceae | Ypsilandra thibetica belongs to the family Liliaceae. Montana. The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when Charlemagne ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces. Commercial cultivars are usually sterile. WebThe following are the major vegetative characteristics of the family Liliaceae. [31][32] In the context of a general review of the classification of angiosperms, the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. J. Smilacaceae. Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! Quite a few members of the Liliaceae have been used for food but one must be aware of potential DEADLY LOOK ALIKES The following table shows information from the incredible resource Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America by Francois Couplan (1998). LAMIACEAE Swedish Ivy exhibits the square stems and opposite leaves Most showy monocot flowers with parts in threes belong to the Lily family or one of its allies. Climber with tips of leaves turned into tendrils. subfamilies and tribes. Cyclopian terata has been observed in foals born to mares that graze V. eschscholtzii (Shupe and James, 1983). Amaryllidaceae: Characters, Distribution and Types, Comparison between Liliaceae and Musaceae, Asteraceae: Characters, Distribution and Types. (2000) and Fay et al. It was also reported that in Islam, it is generally recommended not to eat raw garlic prior to going to the mosque, since the odor could distract other Muslims during their prayer. WebThe Lily Family, Liliaceae, consists of fifteen genera and about 705 known species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. Tree with anomalous secondary growth in the stem. Consequently, it became incorporated into not only French heraldry but also into many heraldic devices in jurisdictions where there had been historic French influence, such as Quebec and New Orleans. It was also shown that garlic extracts prevent oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in rats fed with sucrose in drinking water (Vazquez-Prieto etal.,2010). Contemporary tulip owners commonly had Rembrandt and other artists paint their flowers to preserve them for posterity, hence the 'broken' tulips were known as Rembrandt tulips at that time. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The latter are used, in turn, to meet the demand for bulbs for parks, gardens, and home use and, secondly, to provide the necessary bulbs for cut flower production. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. LMoV is a potyvirus and was formerly thought to be a strain of TBV, but serological, host range, and molecular investigations have set it apart from TBV as an own species. Eastern Montana. Melanthiaceae. [28] By the time of the next major British classification that of Bentham and Hooker in 1883 (published in Latin) several of Lindley's other families had already been absorbed into the Liliaceae. Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market. They are an essential ingredient in many African sauces and relishes (Messiaen and Rouamba,2004). Calochortus macrocarpus. Onions are cultivated and used throughout the world. Retrieved 29 January 2014. Other members of the family used for food include Clintonia (leaves), Medeola (roots), Erythronium (corms), and Fritillaria (bulbs).[84]. [7] (See also Evolution). Characteristics often vary by habitat, between shade-dwelling genera (such as Prosartes, Tricyrtis, Cardiocrinum, Clintonia, Medeola, Prosartes, and Scoliopus) and sun loving genera. The taxonomy of the Liliaceae has a very complex history. AD. In this study, the Stamens 6, polyandrous, in two whorls of 3 each, epiphyllous, filament narrow, dilated at the base, anthers dithecous, dorsifixed. The closest sister family to the Liliaceae are the Smilacaceae with the Liliaceae separating 52 million years ago. Shrubs or under-shrubs with erect or climbing twigs e.g. Sego Lily. Gloriosa, Colchicum. Medeola virginiana. LAMIACEAE Also known as Labiatae Opposite leaves, square stems and frequently have essential oils that are fragrant Used for ornamentation, flavor and medicinal use Over 200 genera and 3200 species. Give an example. It does not store any personal data. 1. and s.s.) to denote the broader or stricter sense of the circumscription respectively, e.g. However, the absence of studies on their chloroplast genomes and chromatography has considerably hindered the study of their evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships. The Netherland produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the European Union. [6], Due to the diversity of the originally broadly defined Liliaceae s.l., many attempts have been made to form suprageneric classifications, e.g. Indian Cucumber. [59][60], Original Tulipa species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as Tulipa tarda and Tulipa turkestanica. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Flowers hermaphrodite and actinomorphic. In addition to its beneficial effects against MetS, this spice has a great medicinal value (see details in Chapter15). Only the, Rudall et al. By Martin Bucher. [33] Despite establishing this relative degree of monophyly (genetic homogeneity) for the family Liliaceae,[34][35] their morphology remains diverse[7] and there exists within the Liliaceae clade or grouping, a number of subclades (subgroups). The Persian word for tulips, lleh (), was borrowed into Turkish and Arabic as lale. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? Which types of bacteria are used in Bt-cotton? Lilium. A. sativum is the most widely consumed bulb after onion (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Tulips (Tulipa) also have a long cultural tradition, particularly in the Islamic world. Aloe vera, a member of the Liliaceae family, is a perennial plant with turgid green leaves joined at the stem in a rosette pattern. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. The binomial names or scientific names of medicinal plants from the family Solanaceae are: Atropa belladona, Solanum trilobatum and Withania somnifera Solve any question of Morphology Of Flowering Plants with:- Patterns of problems > Was this answer helpful? A,B. [8] The flowers may be arranged (inflorescence) along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. It was shown that raw garlic extract significantly improves insulin sensitivity while attenuating MetS and oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats for 8weeks (Padiya etal.,2011; Panickar,2013). Tulips have been cultivated since at least the tenth century in Persia. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. C,D. [20] The seeds are dispersed by wind and water. WebLiliaceae is a family of angiosperms. Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create hybrids and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants. Tankeo etal. The antifertility activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were 40% (for leaves), 60% (for roots), and 20% (for leaves), 40% (for roots), respectively. Under field conditions, V. californicum consumed by pregnant ewes causes early embryonic death and the only clinical sign is the rancher observing open ewes (Keeler, 1990). Climbing shrubs with netveined leaves, e.g. Jervine has been identified in species of Zigadenus giving this species teratogenic potential (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. [20] Lilium bulbs, particularly Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii)[69] are used as food in China and other parts of Asia. Both Lilium and Tulipa are susceptible to a group of five viruses of the family Potyviridae, specifically the potyvirus (named for potato virus Y) group, which includes the tulip-breaking virus (TBV) and the lily streak virus (lily mottle virus, LMoV) resulting in 'breaking' of the color of the flowers. The Aloe vera leaves are formed by Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Sand Lily. Aloe vera is a succulent plant belonging to family Liliaceae. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits (berries) with animal-dispersed seeds, rhizomes, and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers. Recently, numerous side effects of synthetic drugs have lead to using medicinal plants as a reliable source of new therapy. Aloe:. Hutchinson has excluded many genera which are included by many botanists in the family Liliaceae. Looking for life-changing resources? As with the Asparagales, family delimitations of the Liliales have undergone a number of changes in recent years. Almost 10 million tons of garlic are produced each year with China, Korea, India,USA, Spain, Egypt, and Turkey being the worlds largest producers (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Disporum smithii. The common cultivated garden plants are Tulipa, Lilium, Gloriosa, Aloe, Ruscus, Dracaena, Asparagus, Yucca, Hemerocallis etc. Important Types. Allium cepa ( Chapter 14) and Allium Draw a neatly labeled diagram of chloroplast found in leaf, and its role in photosynthesis? Distinctive hot, pungent flavour caused by breakdown products. K. Calochortus venustus. [83] During World War II, starvation conditions in the Netherlands (Hongerwinter, hunger winter 1944) led to using Tulipa bulbs as food. Since interspecific cross-pollination occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids. Cultivated in winter for bulbs. plantlets for propagation and bulb formation", "Multiplication of Tulip Bulb by Tissue Culture in vitro", "Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants", "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art. At that time, the undesirable viral cause of the spectacular flower breaking was not yet known. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Within these genera a wide range of cultivars have been developed by breeding and hybridisation. Garlic constituents with beneficial effects in reducing risk factors associated with MetS have been identified. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance, as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to a more open environment (see Evolution).[6]. The overy is positioned superior and consists of 3 united carpels, as indicated by the same number of stigmas. [85] However, the name 'lily' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the genus Lilium. JUNE: Lilies", "How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape". A major pest of Tulips is the fungus, Botrytis tulipae. As he saw it, the Liliaceae were already paraphyletic ("catch-all"), being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. Garlic is widely used as a medicine worldwide and is regarded as an aphrodisiac (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Echinacea can be taken a number of times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. 1. Please e-mail Thomas J. Elpel to report mistakes or to inquire about purchasing high resolution photos of these plants. Liliaceae, Lily family. Akroum etal. Leaves and bulbs are considered to have hypotensive, carminative, antiseptic, anthelmintic, diaphoretic, and expectorant properties (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). it was during this period that the tulipiere, a ceramic vase for growing tulips indoors was devised, and the Golden Age of Dutch Painting was replete with images of tulips. These species can be ornamental or medicinal, or can be eaten or used to make textiles. As the Seljuks Oghuz-Turkic leaders originated from the steppes moved to Persia, and then west, they took tulips with them to Turkey, where many escaped cultivation and became naturalised. Botanical name Family Common name Plant part used Medicinal value Liliaceae Satavari Root High fever, antioxidant, sexual weakness A thorny climbing under-shrub with cladodes and fasiculated roots. Explain with suitable example. WebAllium sativum, commonly known as garlic is the species of flowering plant belonging to family Liliaceae. Three viruses are common in lilies, these are lily mottle virus (LMoV), lily virus X (LVX), and lily symptomless virus (LVS). V. Artistic representations can be found as far back as frescos from the second century BC, at Amnisos and Knossos. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. The leaves are linear in shape, with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges, single and arranged alternating on the stem, or in a rosette at the base. D. Flower close-up, some tepals removed. abstract. Share Your PDF File Again, some reversal to the broader reticulate-veined leaves occurred (e.g. There are 6 stamens, but some species lack anthers on some of the stamens. Smith's Fairybells. Stunting and distortion of the shoot and leaves are the most severe symptoms but streaking or angular or elliptical spots are more typical symptoms. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It is distributed worldwide. Allium, Agapanthus. Lilium lancifolium. Stem erect with leafy crown, e.g. What do you mean by permeability of membrane? Economic importance includes several taxa of value as ornamental cultivars, including lilies, Lilium, and tulips, Tulipa. 2. Research is now being done to examine these glycosides more carefully. The colorful flowers produce large amounts of nectar and pollen that attract insects which pollinate them (entomophily), particularly bees and wasps (hymenopterophily), butterflies (psychophily) and moths (phalaenophily). Family of flowering plants in order Liliales, including lilies, Examples of the four subdivisions of Liliaceae, Flowers actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, Meister des Frankfurter Paradiesgrtleins, "Ecological Impacts of High Deer Densities", "Phylogeny, concerted convergence, and phylogenetic niche conservatism in the core Liliales: insights from, "1.4.4 The undifferentiated perianth (perigon)", "3. Suggest Corrections. In Pakistan, garlic extract is traditionally taken orally to settle the stomach, treat coughs, and reduce fever (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Urginea sp. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. WebA suitable plant regeneration protocol has been developed from scale leaf and bulb scale explants of Scillahyacinthine, a medicinally important plant species belonging to the family liliaceae.The maximum number of shoots (13.2), with average length 6.5 cm, was achieved with medium containing 1.5 mg/l TDZ. In Africa, garlic is used as an antibiotic, and it has a reputation for lowering bloodpressure and cholesterol, and inhibiting thrombus formation (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). Its whole plant has the medicinal functions of heat-clearing and detoxifying, relieving congestion and other effects, and is Fibrous adventitious, sometimes tuberous (Asparagus). We concentrate on virus diseases of the genera Tulipa and Lilium, as they represent large genera with economically very important ornamentals. They also form a significant part of the cut flower market, in particular Tulipa and Lilium. Later the same compound was obtained from A. senescens and A. anisopodium [182] and detected by TLC in seven (A. victorialis, A. altaicum, A. anisopodium, A. senescens, A. stelleranum, A. ramosum syn. 6. This breaking effect was of economic importance during the tulip mania of the seventeenth century, because it appeared to be producing new varieties. Onion consumption lowers blood sugar, lipids, and cholesterol. Photographed in New Zealand. All the extracts have resulted in significant (p<0.05) reduction in the number of implants when compared with their respective controls. (2014) also showed that the methanol extract of the plant was selectively active against Gram-negative bacterial strains, such as E. coli AG102 and AG100ATet, E. aerogenes EA289 and EA294, K. pneumoniae K24, and E. cloacae BM67 with MIC values ranging from 512 to 1024g/mL. The style is solitary; stigmas are 3, tri-lobed or with 3 crests. HOPS Press, LLC | Dirt Cheap Builder Books Calochortus apiculatus. The Liliaceae are characterized in being perennial, usually bulbous herbs, lacking an onion-like odor, with basal or cau-line leaves, the inflorescence a raceme, umbel or of solitary flowers with a superior ovary. LVS does not induce specific symptoms in many cultivars, but reduced growth, small flowers, and lower bulb yields are recorded. (1st ed. The gynoecium is syncarpous, with a superior ovary, 3 carpels, and 3 locules. Figure 58. Thiacremonone, given to db/db mice, significantly reduced body weight and decreased blood triglyceride and glucose levels when compared with controls (Ban etal.,2012). [6][38][39][40] Liliaceae fossils have been dated to the Paleogene[41] and Cretaceous[42] eras in the Antarctic. Their distribution is diverse, mainly in plains, steppes, and alpine meadows, but also in deciduous forests, Mediterranean scrub and arctic tundra. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [37] Molecular analysis indicates that divergence amongst the Liliales probably occurred around 82 million years ago. Perennial and arboreal habit in some genera (Aloe, Yucca). 1999, 2nd 2002) (3 ed.). Other symbolic meanings include glory, love and birth. Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera, arranged as shown in this table:[2][11]. Liliaceae", "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval", "Punctuated genome size evolution in Liliaceae", "Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae", "Camas (Camassia spp.) From the acrid resin of Xanthorrhoea sealing wax is prepared. Primitive Living Skills | Outdoor Wilderness Living School, LLC Like a lily among thorns is my darling among the young women" or the Gospel of Mathew (6, 28) "Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin" to represent beauty. Within the Lilioideae, Clintonia and the closely related Medeola form a subclade, and are now considered a separate tribe (Medeoleae). Partition walls are present, forming an equal number of chambers. The medicinal use of plants as analgesic or 4. Name the types of nitrogenous bases present in the RNA. Rooting of shoots was achieved on half-strength Most of their genera, Lilium in particular, face considerable herbivory pressure from deer in some areas, both wild and domestic. The seeds are flat and discoid or ellipsoid, the endosperm with aleurone and fatty oils, but no starch. See Rudall et al. Liliaceae are subject to a wide variety of diseases and pests, including insects, such as thrips, aphids, beetles and flies. Associated with decreased risk of cancer. The disease may suddenly appear when the plants are planted out during frost or when planted early at high temperatures after storage on a standing ground. The ovary is placed above the attachment of the other parts (superior). Asphodelus tenuifolius (H. Paiz) (Fig. Tulip breaking virus (TBV) is the most frequently encountered virus in tulips. Cardiocrinum). [5] Those of the genus Lilium are particularly palatable, while species in Fritillaria are repellant. A. cepa is cultivated by about 170 countries for domestic use and about 8% of the global production is traded internationally. A vector transmission by soil-inhabiting nematodes of the genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus may spread the virus in the field. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The family Liliaceae consists of fifteen genera and approximately 600 species in all. List of genera of family Liliaceae, arranged by Subfamilies and Tribes according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website and Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [1] Medeoleae Benth. (synonyms: Medeolaceae Takht., Medeoloideae Benth.) The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge C. Tulipa sp., tulip. G. Trillium grandiflorum. (black mustard, cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts, etc. FIGURE 7.30. It has also been associated with the head of a spear. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae)[7] flowering plants with simple trichomes (root hairs) and contractile roots. WebSolution. WebLiliaceae Medicinal Plants. The female gameto-phyte is of the monosporic, Polygonum type or the tetrasporic, Fritillaria type. WebEA202090998A1 EA202090998A EA202090998A EA202090998A1 EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 Authority EA Eurasian Patent Office Prior art keywords quercetin mol The family was first described in the eighteenth century, and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families, and also extremely diverse. A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces. It can be found wherever lilies are grown. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2. The Liliaceae consist of perennial herbs. Scoliopus, Erythronium and Gagea) have seeds with an aril structure that are dispersed by ants (myrmecochory).[6]. Reduction in the number of stamens to 3 (Ruscus). The Liliaceae family was described by Michel Adanson in 1763 and formally named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. About Tom | Green University, LLC When young plants are infected, severe yellowing of leaves or browning of veins in stems may occur. 2. [4] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas. Accordingly formula 69 is not intended to depict absolute configuration. Ashphodelus, Aloe. Herreria. The fruit is a loculicidal, septicidal, or irregularly dehiscent capsule or a berry. Luzuriaga. They comprise of all different plant What are the characters Mendel selected for his experiments on pea plant? Feeding V. californicum after gestation day 15 can cause abnormal brain development in sheep (James, 1974). The Romans knew The correct option is D Aloe. H. Trillium erectum. In Arabic letters, lale is written with the same letters as Allah, and is used to denote God symbolically. In rats that were made diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ), a reduction in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia was observed with garlic, or with a mixture containing garlic, ginger, and turmeric (Madkor etal.,2011). "Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime Provinces, 5: the lily leaf beetle, "The Virus that Destroyed the Dutch Economy", "Characterization of potyviruses from tulip and lily which cause flower-breaking", "Tiptoe through the tulips cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of, "Standardization of in vitro Lily (Lilium spp.) Cooking reduces the activity of isothiocyanates. whorled, usually sheathing, rarely petiolate, simple, and parallel veined [rarely net-veined]. This review article includes 195 medicinal plants form various plant families. WebPlants of the Lily Family. Endospermic; endosperm horny or cartilagenous. Raphide crystals and chelidonic acid are lacking. Most showy monocot flowers with parts in threes belong to the Lily family or one of its allies. In Africa, the main producers include the Mediterranean Northern region as well as tropical Africa mainly including Sudan, Niger, and Tanzania. In Smilax stipulate and stipules are modified into tendrils. Bulb, stem bearing one or more leaves, e.g. Plants may become stunted and flowers sometimes deformed. The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type. [21] Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae (Lilium, Fritillaria, Nomocharis, Cardiocrinum, Notholirion) from the Himalayas about 12mya and the Tulipeae (Erythronium, Tulipa, Gagea) from East Asia at about the same time. [4][5], The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the Liliaceae morphology, and confused taxonomic classification for centuries. By 1845, John Lindley, the first English systematist, unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. First described in 1789, the lily family became a paraphyletic "catch-all" (wastebasket) group of lilioid monocots that did not fit into other families and included a great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders. (With Methods)| Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods | Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments. Robert W. Coppock, Margitta M. Dziwenka, in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, 2011. A berry (Asparagus, Smilax), capsule (Asphodelus). Notable among the other families are the Alstroe-meriaceae (Figure 7.29AD), Alstroemeria being a commonly cultivated ornamental, having interesting resupinate leaves; Colchicaceae (Figure 7.29E), containing Colchicum autumnale, autumn-crocus, source of colchicine used medicinally (e.g., formerly to treat gout) and in plant breeding (inducing chromosome doubling); Melanthiaceae (Figure 7.29GI); Philesiaceae (Figure 7.29F); and Smilacaceae (Figure 7.29J), including Smilax, the green-briers, species of which are of economic importance as the source of sarsa-parilla. Garlic Allium sativum the Liliaceae family, is among the oldest of all cultivated plants. J. Engelmann, J. Hamacher, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. A. sativum was domesticated long ago and is mentioned in ancient Egyptian, Greek, Indian, and Chinese writings. By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to Antwerp,[90] where they were mistaken for vegetables,[91] although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530, and first appeared in illustration in 1559, and the first tulip flowers were seen in the Netherlands in 1625. Asia to China. A. sativum (Liliaceae), known as garlic is a strongly aromatic bulb crop believed to originate from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. Glacier National Park. Liliaceae are widely distributed, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the flowers are insect pollinated. Other effects of garlic or extracts include reducing blood pressure and total cholesterol and increasing HDL in spontaneously hypertensive rats (Preuss etal.,2001), diabetic rats (Eidi etal.,2006), or normal rats (Mehrzia etal.,2006), improving endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats (Baluchnejadmojarad etal.,2003), and lowering glucose levels in fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats (Jalal etal.,2007). When symptoms appear, the plants show faint chlorotic spots and sometimes necrotic lesions. By the sixteenth century it was a national symbol, hence the designation "Tulip era", by which time they were becoming of economic importance.[58]. 3. [51][52] In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected.